出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1991.06

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第21卷第2期 Vol. 21, No. 2

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
Institutionalizing American Literary Theory
美國文學理論的建制化

作者/Author
柯理格 Murray Krieger

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 1-24

摘要
在美國學術機構裡孕育出的文學研究方法中，科際整合之興起與對文學理論之興趣，二者具有奇妙的關聯。就在第二次世界大戰結束後，「新批評」興起，它的特殊閱讀方法顛覆 (subvert) 了文學史的訓練，該訓練一向把文學文本 (text) 和其社會歷史背景緊密地連結在一起，使得此一研究成為學術的唯一目標；而「新批評」主張每一文本都要加以分析，主要是用形式主義的方法，以便找出其力量之來源。在這過程背後是「文學作品應該是什麼」的一系列假設，從這些假設中浮現出籠統的文學理論。

終於，對新批評方法的反對引發了一些對立理論，結果產生了一套文學理論，企圖比較、評估幾個互相競爭的文學理論。法國理論的影響和「人類科學」的觀念，將文本對象擴大到所有文本，而不只是文學文本。因此，文學理論擴充為「批評理論」——一種企圖宰制所有論述的帝制化學科。「批評理論」於是批判理論，企圖透過尋找理論家在其社會歷史背景中的立場之理論化來源，來解構一切理論。就在理論徹底自我建制成為人文丶社會科學的顯學之際，它在學院裡由於重新引起歷史的簡約 (historical  reductions) 而面臨滅亡。

Abstract
Among the literary research approaches that flourished in American academic organizations, one significance is that there is a wonderful connection between the rise of interdisciplinary notions and the interest in literary theory. The emergence of the “New Criticism” after the Second World War was characterized by a way of reading that subverted traditional literary training by focusing on the teaching of the close connection between the literary text and its social history background, which in turn led to research becoming the single goal of learning. On the other hand, the “New Criticism” advocated that every text must be analyzed, focusing on the use of formalism to find the source of its power. Behind this process was the hypothesis “what should a literary work be?” and from this hypothesis, literary theory emerged.

In the end, opposition to the New Criticism gave rise to a few opposing theories, and the result was the emergence of a literary theory, which attempted to compare and evaluate several mutually conflicting theories. Under the influence of French ideas and human science concepts, text not only referred to literary texts but was also expanded to include all texts. Thus, literary theory expanded into “critical theory,” which was an attempt to hegemonically control all the texts in a wide array of disciplines. Critical theory is a theory of appraisal, attempting to theorize the source by looking for the theorists’ position in their socio-historical background, and later deconstructing theories.

關鍵字/Key Word
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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
文學 Literature