出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1991.09

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第21卷第3期 Vol. 21, No. 3

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
The Counter-Ideological Tendency in Western Theory
西方理論中的反意識型態傾向

作者/Author
柯理格 Murray Krieger

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 1-28

摘要
在整個西方文學理論史中，意識型態的討論一直扮演主要角色。今天，一般人認為：文學就像對美學的喜好，都是為意識型態服務，而不是為進步服務。自柏拉圖以降，利用文學逹到意識型態的目的，在文學理論中屢見不鮮。不過，理論引發相反的見解，也是從柏拉圖以來就存在的：認為文學天生具有顛覆 (subvert) 意識型態的特質。根據前一種論調，這正是當代意識型態理論家所要證明的論調，文學成為封閉的世界，為壓制服務；根據後一種論調，意識型態是封閉、壓抑的力量，文學則是解放的力量。

我們可以追溯第一個觀點的歷史，認為文學是模仿的——不論是模仿世界現狀或理想世界——透過那些將文學意義視為毫無問題的人士。第二個觀點的歷史，從柏拉圖攻擊文學的顛覆作用到讚揚抗拒體制的「崇高理念」(這種理念發自郎琴努 [Longinus]，經由柏克 [Burke]丶十九世紀到當前的討論)，在在令我們想起文學裡的反意識型態力量。新批評即在試圖釋放此一力量中找到其重心；有些解構批評家則以非常不同的方式擴張此一企圖，一直到它可以應用到所有文本 (text) 為止。近來，巴克定 (Bakhtin)「對話理論」之廣泛影響，以及李奧逹 (Lyotard) 作品中崇高理念的重新發現，使我們想起當前對於「把意識型態強加在文本評論上的廣泛企圖」之強烈抵制。不過，我們也得記住：將反意識型態理論塑造成一種意識型態 (一種普遍的說法) 也有危險。我們對文學文本的敏感度可能誘惑我們這麼做，雖然文學文本也應警告我們不要屈從於那種誘惑。

Abstract
These days, one continually hears about the role of ideology in discussions about literary theory in the West. Today, most people believe that literature is like the love of aesthetics: intended to serve ideology rather than progress. Since the time of Plato, literature has been used to achieve ideological aims; this is common in literary theory and nothing new. However, theory also gives rise to opposing views which have also existed since the time of Plato: the belief that literature has the innate characteristic of subverting ideology. The first view that literature has ideological intentions is really the argument that contemporary ideology theorists want to prove, that literature is an enclosed world, aiding repression; while the second view holds that literature undermines ideology, ideology is related to repression and literature is an emancipating power. We can trace this first viewpoint back to the historical belief that literature is an imitation, no matter if it is an imitation of the actual state of the world or an ideal world, viewed through the eyes of those taking the definition of literature for granted. The second historical viewpoint, from Plato’s attack on the subversive capacity of literature to the glorification of anti-systematic nature of the sublime ideal, a concept which comes from Longinus and can be traced through the debates of Burke, to the nineteenth century debates, and to similar discussions today, help remind us of the power of the counter-ideological tendency in literature. The New Criticism found its core when it attempted to liberate this power. Some critics of Deconstruction employed a very different way of expanding this method so that it could be applied to all texts. Recently, the widespread influence of Bakhtin’s “dialogism” and the renewed appearance of the sublime ideal in Lyotard’s works, makes us think of the current strong resistance to the attempts to expand and strengthen the ideological tendency in literary criticism. Moreover, we should remember that counter-ideological theory still represents a kind of ideological theory (a kind of universal way of speaking) and is also dangerous.

關鍵字/Key Word
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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
文學 Literature