出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1993.03

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第23卷第1期 Vol. 23, No. 1

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
美國貿易法中脫身條款之蛻變——從純粹進口救濟到兼及產業調整
The Transformation of Section 201—From Purely Import Relief to Including Industry Adjustment

作者/Author
羅昌發 Changfa Lo

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 1-38

摘要
一國的國內產業若由於進口的競爭而遭到損害，政府多設有進口救濟制度予以協助，並實施維持一段時間的進口配額管制。關稅暨貿易總協定 (GATT) 的第19條及美國貿易法的201條款 (又稱脫身條款或防衛條款) 即為此類救濟制度的主要規定。有別於適用於不公平貿易措施的反傾銷稅法及平衡稅法，201條款是用來處理公平但有具傷害性貿易之救濟機制。正因進口量增會危及國內產業的發展，防衛條款所採取的行動多是國界貿易行為的管制。最有效的辦法便是削弱外來商品的競爭力，通常是藉由管制進口量減低或消除傷害的潛能，這是為什麼除了國界管制外，其他的做法並無法視為法定的防衛措施。然而，1988年美國國會所制定的綜合貿易及競爭力法 (the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act) 卻針對防衛條款的基本理論作了一番修正，新法的設立使得防衛救濟的焦點，不完全是針對進口的限制以及保護國內產業之貿易措施；201條款的重點更在於採取相關措施促成產業的重新調整，產業救濟於是乎取代了進口救濟。換言之，此類救濟法不僅僅是國界管制，也是國內產業的調節機制。準之，這種轉變所關聯的必定不只是國際貿易規範而已。

Abstract
A well established international rule on import relief is that when a domestic industry suffers serious injury from increased imports, it may ask its government to take measures to impose a quantitative restriction on the imports concerned for a period of time. Article XIX of the GATT and section 201 of U.S. trade law, known as the escape or safeguard clause, are the main provisions of this kind in international and domestic legislations. Since section 201 is a relief mechanism designed to deal with fair but injurious import, which is different from antidumping and countervailing duty laws used to counteract against unfair trade practices, the actions taken under safeguard clause are those of border restrictions. As increased import causes injury on a domestic industry, the most effective way of resolving injurious effect is to reduce competition from foreign products by controlling the volume of imports to the extent that can eliminate or reduce the injury. This is why actions other than border ones were not considered as a statutory safeguard measures. However, the basic theory of the safeguard provision was modified when the Congress of the U.S. passed the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act of 1988. The new law shifts the focus of safeguard relief from exclusively using trade measures to applying both trade and domestic measures. When domestic measures in the form of industry adjustment become an important feature of section 201, this clause changes itself in nature from import relief into industry relief. In other words, the law is not only a border regulation, but also an internal regulation used to assist domestic industries. This transformation must have certain implications under international trade rules.

關鍵字/Key Word
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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
法學 Law