出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1993.03

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第23卷第1期 Vol. 23, No. 1

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
德國政黨經費來源之研究
Financing the Political Parties in the Federal Republic of Germany

作者/Author
沈玄池 Cen-Chu Shen

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 39-113

摘要
一國的國內產業若由於進口的競爭而遭到損害，政府多設有進口救濟制度予以協助，並實施維持一段時間的進口配額管制。關稅暨貿易總協定 (GATT) 的第19條及美國貿易法的201條款 (又稱脫身條款或防衛條款) 即為此類救濟制度的主要規定。有別於適用於不公平貿易措施的反傾銷稅法及平衡稅法，201條款是用來處理公平但有具傷害性貿易之救濟機制。正因進口量增會危及國內產業的發展，防衛條款所採取的行動多是國界貿易行為的管制。最有效的辦法便是削弱外來商品的競爭力，通常是藉由管制進口量減低或消除傷害的潛能，這是為什麼除了國界管制外，其他的做法並無法視為法定的防衛措施。然而，1988年美國國會所制定的綜合貿易及競爭力法 (the Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act) 卻針對防衛條款的基本理論作了一番修正，新法的設立使得防衛救濟的焦點，不完全是針對進口的限制以及保護國內產業之貿易措施；201條款的重點更在於採取相關措施促成產業的重新調整，產業救濟於是乎取代了進口救濟。換言之，此類救濟法不僅僅是國界管制，也是國內產業的調節機制。準之，這種轉變所關聯的必定不只是國際貿易規範而已。

Abstract
The financing of political parties did not emerge as a matter of public dispute when the Federal Republic of Germany came into being in 1949. It was in fact regarded as an internal affair of the party and the nation should not intervene. But as the expense of election grew and as it became more and more difficult to raise campaigns funds, some measures of tax reduction for political contributions and national subsidies were introduced.

These measures were originally meant to secure the independence of all political parties in their constitutional mission to construct the political will of the nation. This, however, surprisingly evoked serious disputes. The cope of criticism lay in the fact that the major political parties were able to mobilize resources. This even invited complaints from the general public about party politics.

What are the causes of these changes and disputes? What is the background of these disputes? How is the financial condition of each party? What are the impacts of financial regulations of political parties on German politics? What can we learn from the German experience? These are the main issues to be examined in this paper.

關鍵字/Key Word
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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
政治學 Political Science