出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1997.09

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第27卷第3期 Vol. 27, No. 3

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
自動出口設限措施之研究
Voluntary Export Restraints

作者/Author
洪德欽 Der-Chin Horng

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 1-110

摘要
自動出口設限 (Voluntary Export Restraints，簡稱VER) 乃是一種進口數量限制措施，卻搭配其他貿易障礙，並巧妙地規避 GATT義務規定，形成一項「灰色領域」(Grey-area) 措施。VER在WTO生效前已發展為歐美國家貿易政策之一項常見工具以及「新保護主義」之象徵。GATT在東京回合 (1973-79) 即試圖透過修正總協定第19條「防衛條款」以澄清並解決VER措施相關問題，但卻遭受歐體之強烈抵制而告功虧一簣。VER在鳥拉圭回合被列為GATT重點待決議題之一，深深影響「防衛協定」談判之成敗。我國某些出口產品以往一直是歐美國家VER適用之對象，我國目前又積極申請如入WTO；所以，VER在學理上與實務上皆有高度理論價值與現實意義，而有深入研究之必要。本論文之目的即在於針對美國、歐聯與GATT/WTO有關VER措施之相關規定，從事一基礎性研究，以通盤探討VER之意義、本質、理論辯證、發展背景、實際運作、對其他國家以及GATT/WTO之影響，以及各國與WTO將來因應改革之道。

Abstract
This paper provides a comprehensive policy analysis of VER measures. VER is a protectionist trade measure contradicting the fundamental principles of the GATT/WTO system. As GATT rules tend to constrain the use of tariffs and import quotas by governments, VER has been resorted to as a response to domestic pressures for import relief. The United States together with the European Union are the two major users of these “grey-area” measures. Consequently, the relative use of Article XIX has declined as more safeguard actions have been taken without reference to GATT rules and frequently been in contravention of these rules.

The discussions in this paper throw some interesting light on answers to the following questions: (a) What is the precise meaning of the VER measures? (b) What are the reasons that have led the US and the EU to take such actions? (c) What are the reasons why Article XIX-­type action has not been applied? (d) What are the implications of VER measures on both third countries and the GATT/WTO system? (e) What can be said about the phasing-out of the VER measures, including any problems that need to be dealt with and how multilateral disciplines can be established? In conclusion, the author suggests that a contextual approach is necessary to resolve all relative issues surrounding VER measures, including anti-dumping, subsidies, trade-relative competition, labor, and investment measures.

關鍵字/Key Word
自動出口設限措施、有秩序行銷協定、灰色領域措施丶防衛措施、世界貿易組織
VER, OMA, grey-area measures, safeguard measures, WTO

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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
法學 Law