出刊年月/Date of Publishing

1999.06

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第29卷第2期 Vol. 29, No. 2

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
政黨比例代表制與選舉平等原則：以德國聯邦眾議院選舉制度為中心
Proportional Representation and Electoral Equality: An Analysis of the Electoral System of the Bundestag of the German Federal Republic

作者/Author
李建良 Chien-Liang Lee

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 105-169

摘要
德國聯邦眾議院選舉所採行的單一選區與政黨比例代表併行制度，不僅在投票制度的設計上以及國會席位的計算分配上，均有異於其他國家，其運作的情形與實際的影響，經常是選舉制度研究上的重要課題。從憲法的觀點誌以言，此項制度是否合乎選舉平等原則的意旨，特別是此項選舉制度所特有的「超額席位」，對國會內部的政黨結構有何影響，經常引超爭議與討論，值得研究。是以，本文從選舉平等的觀點，對德國聯邦眾謙院選舉制度進行探索，當試釐清政黨比例代表制與選舉平等之間的關係。文中首先介述德國政黨比例代表制的相關規定與基本特徵。其次，以德國歷來聯邦憲法法院的裁判為主軸，論述政黨比例選舉制度的設計與憲法所保陳選舉平等原則之間的關係。再者，針對德國1994年第十三屆聯邦眾議院選舉所引發的憲法爭議，進行分析。最後，總結德國實施政黨比例選舉制度的經驗，以作為我國選舉制度改革的借鏡。

Abstract
The mixture of the single-member district system and proportional representation in the election of delegates to the Bundestag of the German Federal Republic is an unusual design, both for vote casting and seat allocation. Viewed constitutionally, the most controversial issue regarding the operation of the German system is the question of whether the principle of electoral equality has been violated. Especially noteworthy, is the peculiar design for additional seats, which affects not only the total number of Bundestag seats, but also party structure in the parliament. From the perspective of electoral equality, this paper explores the constitutional issues related to the German electoral system and attempts to clarify the relationship between proportional representation and electoral equality. The paper begins by describing the legal foundations and characteristics of Germany’s proportional representation system. Next, it discusses the relationship between proportional representation and electoral equality, through an examination of the decisions of the German Federal Constitutional Court. In addition, a theoretical analysis is provided of the constitutional issues generated by the 13th election of the Bundestag. This paper concludes by discussing how the German experience may shed light on Taiwan’s electoral reform.

關鍵字/Key Word
個人化比例代表制、選舉平等原則、超額席位丶基本席位、選區劃分
personalized proportional representation, electoral equality, additional seats, basic seats, districting

DOI
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學門分類/Subject
法學 Law