出刊年月/Date of Publishing

2005.03

所屬卷期/Vol. & No.   第35卷第1期 Vol. 35, No. 1

類型/Type                 研究論文 Research Article

篇名/Title
The Soul as Second Self before Plato
以靈魂為第二我——由遠古至柏拉圖

作者/Author
鄭秀瑕 Adela Jeng

頁碼/Pagination
pp. 225-272

摘要
第一位研究早期希臘靈魂觀的現代學者羅德 (Erwin Rhode) 認為古希臘人常將靈魂當作個人的第二我。德國心理學家藍克 (Otto Rank) 回溯世紀前的靈魂觀，更進一步簡化第二我所扮演的角色。藍克認為基督教會出現之前的第二我全是主體的護衛天使，確保自我之永存不朽。教會對來世的詮釋強調地獄天堂之分，使第二我淪為不祥的使者，甚至成為魔鬼的分身，功能在於提醒主體生命之必朽，且經常帶來死亡。

以教會的來世觀作為「第二我」正負兩面的分水嶺其實問題重重。一來「第二我」由遠古至現代都極多變，這個角色在古代文學中絕非全然友善；二來世紀前的來世觀並不比教會所呈現的更加樂觀。蘇美與荷馬史詩所呈現的來世幾乎毫無盼望，柏拉圖之前的靈魂也並非不朽。許多資料顯示古代人對靈界懼多於信。

本文前半討論古代靈魂觀與來世觀的多面性。後半則深入探討古代文化中靈魂作為第二我的可能性；為了更深刻呈現靈魂與主體之間的互動，並選取柏拉圖之前兩個趨近靈魂角色的文學人物，來印證古代的第二我往往兼含正負面功能。這兩個角色分別來自蘇美史詩《吉爾梅遜》和希臘悲劇《戴神女祭司》，都是遠在柏拉圖之前即廣為流傳的神話人物。

Abstract
Erwin Rhode believes that ancient Greeks regarded the soul as an “image” (ειδωλον) that constitutes a second Self by reflecting the visible Self. When Otto Rank borrows the idea of the soul as Second Self and contrasts primitive soul-belief with modern literature of the Double, he simplifies (and probably idealizes) the primitive Double as “a guardian angel, assuring immortal survival to the self,” which later degenerated into “a reminder of the individual’s mortality” in modern civilization. Rank attributes this decisive change of emphasis to “the Christian doctrine of immortality as interpreted by the church.” Since then the Double has assumed the grim visage of the Devil, who threatens to divest men of their immortal soul.

A problem with this choice of watershed between the positive and negative aspects of the Double is that, even before Plato, the continuity of human existence beyond physical death was not necessarily seen as idyllic, and the soul was not automatically linked with the conception of immortality. The immortal soul striving to detach itself from the prison of the body is a moralistic interpretation of Plato’s, probably developed from Pythogoreanism, which was influenced by shamanistic and Orphic beliefs. This puritanical strain is more directly connected to Gnosticism and Manicheism than to New Testament theology.

Following an overview of the mercurial primitive soul, this paper will study the eligibility of the soul as man’s second self, and go on to examine the ambiguous character of two second-self figures present in literature before Plato, from the Gilgamesh Cycle and Euripides’ Bacchae respectively. The study shows that depicting the ancient soul as the immortal self may prove to be a projection of the modern imagination.

關鍵字/Key Word
靈魂、第二我、荷馬史詩、蘇美史詩《吉爾梅遜》、《戴神女祭司》
the soul, the Second Self (the Double), the Homeric Epics, the Gilgamesh Cycle, The Bacchae

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DOI
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學門分類/Subject
文學 Literature